When communicating with others, employ both plain-language and clear vocabulary to regularly describe degrees of uncertainty, both formally and informally as a thinking habit.

When encountering new data, integrate probabilistic thinking into everyday situations by explicating prior assumptions and the impact of new data / evidence on those assumptions.

When making a decision about uncertain outcomes in the future, integrate probabilistic thinking into everyday decisions by applying expected value (magnitude x probability) to appropriate situations.

Clearly describe the basic logic of statistical significance to others, differentiating between significance, the size of an effect, and the statistical power of an analysis. Recognize what statistical significance can reveal and cannot reveal about a phenomenon.

Comfortably identify the purpose of sampling and simulation for making arguments about data, and employ techniques using software to differentiate a real-data result from random chance or “happenstance.”

Comfortably separate correlation from causation in a wide variety of situations, building a “first-reaction” thinking habit over time.

When identifying a potential cause of a phenomenon, clearly describe the usefulness of randomization for constructing an argument with data.

Clearly describe how to leverage additional variables or additional outside data to make a logical argument, and identify potential risks of overdoing it.