Identify similarities and differences between variables and explore potential associations. Use distributions, numerical summaries, and simulations to compare groups based on numerical or categorical data.

Represent data visually and numerically to describe how outcomes occur and compare groups. Use variability to interpret distribution shape, support statistical reasoning, and assess population estimates.

Organize, visualize, and analyze data to identify patterns, trends, and associations. Use statistical measures and graphs to interpret relationships and make predictions.

Examine data beyond numbers, including sounds, textures, and text. Categorize sensory inputs, track word frequencies, and analyze data from sensors and IoT devices to identify patterns and trends.

Use data to build decision trees, explore classification and clustering, and understand how machine learning optimizes predictions through algorithms like gradient descent.