Verifiable questions & statements
Identify and create the type of questions that can be answered by data, and are eventually verifiable using a combination of modeling and experimentation.
K–2 Competencies
Ask a question that you answer by counting or measuring something.
Classroom resources
Data Science Starter Kit Module 4: Drawing Conclusions - Interpreting Problems and Results
Welcome to one of the most critical skills in data science—learning how to draw valid conclusions from data and understanding what those conclusions can and cannot tell us. This module focuses on the thinking skills that separate good data science from misleading claims.🔗
Interpreting Problems and Results isn’t about complex statistical tests or advanced mathematics. It’s about developing the intellectual honesty and critical thinking skills to say, “Based on this data, here’s what we can reasonably conclude, here’s what we’re not sure about, and here’s what we still need to investigate.”
3–5 Competencies
Ask or identify a question that you answer by counting or measuring results from different groups.
Identify from among a set of given examples what types of questions can be answered with real-world data (e.g., values, opinions, non-observables).
Classroom resources
Data Science Starter Kit Module 4: Drawing Conclusions - Interpreting Problems and Results
Welcome to one of the most critical skills in data science—learning how to draw valid conclusions from data and understanding what those conclusions can and cannot tell us. This module focuses on the thinking skills that separate good data science from misleading claims.🔗
Interpreting Problems and Results isn’t about complex statistical tests or advanced mathematics. It’s about developing the intellectual honesty and critical thinking skills to say, “Based on this data, here’s what we can reasonably conclude, here’s what we’re not sure about, and here’s what we still need to investigate.”
6–8 Competencies
Ask or identify a question that can be verified with data collected through observations.
State a guess or potential answer to a question for later verification or testing via a hypothesis.
Classroom resources
Data Science Starter Kit Module 4: Drawing Conclusions - Interpreting Problems and Results
Welcome to one of the most critical skills in data science—learning how to draw valid conclusions from data and understanding what those conclusions can and cannot tell us. This module focuses on the thinking skills that separate good data science from misleading claims.🔗
Interpreting Problems and Results isn’t about complex statistical tests or advanced mathematics. It’s about developing the intellectual honesty and critical thinking skills to say, “Based on this data, here’s what we can reasonably conclude, here’s what we’re not sure about, and here’s what we still need to investigate.”
9–10 Competencies
Differentiate query-based, hypothesis-based, and causal questions by their focus on trends, uniqueness of outcomes, and causal relationships, respectively.
Assess query-based questions by establishing a threshold of satisfaction for certainty in interval estimates (e.g., if it applies 95% of the time, I find it acceptable).
Assess hypothesis-based questions by debating the condition of uniqueness (e.g., if it occurs 5% of the time or less).
Classroom resources
Data Science Starter Kit Module 4: Drawing Conclusions - Interpreting Problems and Results
Welcome to one of the most critical skills in data science—learning how to draw valid conclusions from data and understanding what those conclusions can and cannot tell us. This module focuses on the thinking skills that separate good data science from misleading claims.🔗
Interpreting Problems and Results isn’t about complex statistical tests or advanced mathematics. It’s about developing the intellectual honesty and critical thinking skills to say, “Based on this data, here’s what we can reasonably conclude, here’s what we’re not sure about, and here’s what we still need to investigate.”
11–12 Competencies
Develop a causal diagram to map relationships among multiple variables and create an iterative analysis plan to test each relationship with data.
For query-based questions, estimate a confidence interval and margin of error in a real-world data analysis project with software.
For hypothesis-based questions, estimate a p-value based on a proposed statistical model for real-world data with software.
Classroom resources
Data Science Starter Kit Module 4: Drawing Conclusions - Interpreting Problems and Results
Welcome to one of the most critical skills in data science—learning how to draw valid conclusions from data and understanding what those conclusions can and cannot tell us. This module focuses on the thinking skills that separate good data science from misleading claims.🔗
Interpreting Problems and Results isn’t about complex statistical tests or advanced mathematics. It’s about developing the intellectual honesty and critical thinking skills to say, “Based on this data, here’s what we can reasonably conclude, here’s what we’re not sure about, and here’s what we still need to investigate.”
Advanced Competencies
Classroom resources
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